Kedudukan Hukum Janda dalam Perjanjian Baru berdasarkan Tiga Aspek: Anak, Harta Warisan, dan Relasi dengan Allah

Meyrlin Saefatu

doi:10.52960/a.v5i1.387

Authors

Meyrlin Saefatu 082236676784

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52960/a.v5i1.387

Keywords:

God; Children; Widow's Law; Widows; New Testament; Rabbinic Tradition; Inheritance

Abstract

In the New Testament, we can find various texts that speak about widows, especially in the Synoptic Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, and Paul's Letters. Generally speaking, widows were regarded as a disadvantaged or underprivileged social group in Jewish society. Widows often faced negative stigma, particularly those who did not have children or an inheritance from their deceased husbands. The purpose of this writing is to gain an understanding of the legal status of widows in Jewish society during the New Testament period, particularly according to the authors Luke and Paul, especially in 1 Timothy. To achieve this, the writer will study and analyze various texts or literature (textual analysis), especially the Gospel of Luke and Paul's Letters to Timothy, which discuss the legal status of widows, including literature from the Rabbinic tradition. Based on this study, it becomes evident that the status of widows in Jewish society during the New Testament period was not always negative. The status of being a widow was also viewed positively, with legal guarantees and protections. These guarantees were influenced by three important aspects: children, inheritance, and the widow's relationship with God. These aspects significantly determined the status of widows in Jewish society during the New Testament period.

References

Ashley, E. (2020). Woman in Luke’S Gospel. University of Sidney.

Bock, D. L. (1996). Luke 9:51-24:53. Vol. 2. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. Baker Books.

Brueggemann, W. (2001). The Prophetic Imagination. Fortress Press.

Cohen, C. (2007). Widow: Biblical Periode.” In Encyclopaedia Judaica, edited by Fred Skolnik and Michael Berenbaum, 2nd ed, 21:40–42. Macmillan Reference USA in association with the Keter Pub. House.

Danby, Herbert, ed. (2008). The Mishnah. Oxford University Press.

Elliott, J. . (2010). New Testament Textual Criticism: The Application of Thoroughgoing Principles: Essays on Manuscripts and Textual Variation. Vol. 137. Supplements to Novum Testamentum, v. 137. Boston Brill.

Feller, P. G. (2008). The Widow in the Bible and in Ancient Egypt. ZAW.

Fensham, F. C. (1962). Widow, Orphan, and Poor in Ancient Near Eastern Legal and Wisdom Literature. JNES.

Green, J. B. (1997). The Gospel of Luke. The New International Commentary on the New Testament. Wm.B. Eerdmans Publ. Co.

Harun, M. (2019). Lukas: Injil Kaum Marginal. Kanisius.

Heger, P. (2014). Women in the Bible, Qumran, and Early Rabbinic Literature: Their Status and Roles. 110 vols. Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah, Includes Bibliographical References and Index. Boston Brill.

Hoffner, H. A. (1974). Almanah, Widow. In Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, edited by G. Johhanes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Marshall, I. H. (1978). The Gospel of Luke: The New International Greek Testament Commentary. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Reid, B. E. (1996). Choosing the Better Part??: Women in the Gospel of Luke. Collegeville, Minn.?: Liturgical Press. http://archive.org/details/choosingbetterpa0000reid

Rowe, C. K. (1974). Early Narrative Christology: The Lord in the Gospel of Luke. Walter de Gruyter.

Schereschewksky, B.-Z. (2007). “Widow.” In Encyclopaedia Judaica, edited by Fred Skolnik and Michael Berenbaum, 2nd ed, 21:39–44. Macmillan USA in association with the Keter Pub. House.

Seim, T. K. (2010). "Feminist Criticism.” In Methods for Luke, edited by Joel B. Green. Methods in Biblical Interpretation. Cambridge University Press.

Simkins, R. A. (2014). The Bible,the Economy and the Poor. Journal of Religion and Society, 20–33.

Stählin, O. (1985). “Chera.” In Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, edited by Gerhard Kittel, IV:1678–83. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Steinberg, N. (2004). “Romancing the Widow: The Economic Distinctions between The´alm?nâ, the ´iššâ-´alm?nâ and the ´?šet-Hamm?t.” The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University.

Thurston, B. B. (1989). The Widows?: A Women’s Ministry in the Early Church. Fortress Press.

Veyne, P. (1997). The Roman Empire. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Witherington, B. (1996). Women in the Earliest Churches. Monograph Series / Society for New Testament Studies 59. Cambridge Univ. Press.